The present study was conducted with the aim of pathology of law enforcement in polluting vehicles in Tehran. Research Method The present study is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of heuristic mixed method, first qualitative and quantitative. The statistical population in the qualitative section included experts in the field of traffic and air pollution, who were selected through purposive sampling and 10 people were selected. Also in the quantitative part, including the views of 70 heads and deputies of the Greater Tehran Road who were selected in full and 80 people who referred to the East Tehran Technical Examination Center by simple random sampling using Morgan table 101 were selected, data in the qualitative part were extracted through semi-structured interviews and their analysis was performed by Maxqda software. In the short part, after converting the injuries into items taken from the interview stage using descriptive-survey method and software spss The model derived from the first phase of the research was analyzed by exploratory factor analysis methods. Results In the qualitative part, the initial research model and in the quantitative stage, the final research model were identified and all the dimensions of the extractive foundation data model were explained. Conclusion The results of this study show that the most important injuries in the three branches of behavioral, contextual and structural injuries in 9 components including: managers, organizational climate, lawlessness, motivation and education, political-legal, cultural-social, economic-legal, Financial resources and infrastructure were classified.

Fenton process, as one of the most conventional advanced oxidation processes, is widely used in the treatment of specific wastewaters, especially landfill leachate. In current study, the main target was to evaluate some neglected aspects of Fenton process in operational applications. Thus, three novel responses were introduced. Mass removal efficiency evaluates overall recalcitrant destruction by establishing organics mass balance pre- and post-Fenton treatment. This differentiates it from conventional chemical oxygen demand removal, since mass removal efficiency basically considers the whole mixture and not only the supernatant. The mass content ratio response provides a measure to evaluate the remaining organics in the sludge. Therefore, a borderline mode considering these limitations leads to best feasible field operations. It was found that mass content ratio for effluent reacted conversely to the sludge in response to coagulation. By increasing the coagulant dosage, coagulation improved and the sludge ratio increased in result. For the mass removal efficiency response, it seemed that appropriate balance of the oxidation/coagulation had considerable role through Fe2+ dosage and [H2O2] / [Fe2+] ratio. Finally, by including further conventional parameters such as sludge quantity, the best operational conditions (X1=5.7, X2=16, X3=207 mM) were optimized by response surface methodology to 27.4% and 14.4% for sludge and effluent mass content ratio, respectively, and 58.1% for mass removal efficiency. The results were in good agreement with determination coefficient (R2) of 0.94–0.97, prediction R2 of 0.80–0.93 and coefficient of variation less than 10.

IFurnace is the main consumer of energy in petrochemical and refinery processes. Its main use is in heat cracking and preheats process fluid. The increasing oil prices in the late 20th century led to the emergence of energy optimization methods. In this paper, the effect of different optimization methods on the important environmental factor in furnaces, i. e., polluting gases caused by the combustion reaction, is studied.The main pollution factor in furnaces which burn sulfur-free gases is the reaction of matters and the production of Nox. After studying the analyses obtained from a sample furnace, certain methods were proposed for the optimization of energy and the reduction of environmental pollutants.The results show that to optimize a furnace without using a NOx-reducing device the two methods of reducing the extra air and pre-heating the air, the extra air is reduced by 33% and 43%, respectively.

Background and Objective: One of the most important problems of human societies is greenhouse gas emissions which are increasing along with population and economic growths and development of countries. Environmental pollution damages people’ s health and imposes costs on societies. Taxes are considered as pollution control and environmental protection tools which can influence people's incentives for the consumption of environment polluting goods and can control the pollution. Method: The effect of tax pollution on households' demand for three environment polluting goods, including vehicles fuel, electricity and water commodity, was studied by estimating the Linear Expenditure System (LES). For this purpose, first the parameters of marginal propensity of expenses and households’ minimum income for living were obtained. Then, the linear expenditure system was estimated. Findings: The results from estimating the model show that i) the tax elasticity of demand for vehicles fuel, electricity and water are-0. 364,-0. 326 and-0. 233, respectively, and pollution tax on fuel, electricity and water reduces the demand for these commodities and thereby reduces the environmental pollution; and ii) the effect of tax pollution on reducing vehicles fuel consumption is stronger than that of tax on reducing consumption of other goods. Discussion and Conclusion: The significant effect of tax on reducing pollution highlights the importance of using tax instruments for reducing pollution. This finding can be considered in the policy making system for future planning in the country.

Pollution is one of the problems of the present century and countries are trying to reduce pollution with international treaties. According to the World Bank's assessment of the damage to Iran's environment, in the annual report on the cost of environmental degradation is about 5 to 10 percent of GDP. According to the World Bank report, Iran is one of the countries with high carbon dioxide emissions, so research on emissions is important. This study for the first time predicts carbon dioxide emissions in Iran and polluting parts, using ARIFMA-FIGARCH method in the period 1971-71. The results show that carbon dioxide emissions in Iran, industry and services will increase. In 2035, carbon dioxide emissions in the country are expected to reach 745876 thousand tons, in the industrial sector to 25. 18 percent of fuel consumption and in the service sector to 25. 89 percent of fuel consumption. Development programs have failed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

This study presents a dynamic way in a DG planning problem instead of the last static or pseudo-dynamic planning point of views. A new way in modeling the DG units’ output power and the load uncertainties based on the probability rules is proposed in this paper. A sensitivity analysis on the stochastic nature of the electricity price and global fuel price is carried out through a proposed model. Six types of clean and conventional DG units are included in the planning process. The presented dynamic planning problem is solved considering encouraging and punishment functions. The imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA) as a strong evolutionary strategy is employed to solve the DG planning problem. The proposed models and the proposed problem are applied on the 9-bus and 33-bus test distribution systems. The results show a significant improvement in the total revenue of the distribution system in all of the defined scenarios.

Efficient management of inputs used in agricultural production plays a key role in the process of sustainable development. In this regard, present research aims to determine the economic optimal use of water and environment-polluting inputs for wheat production in Seydan-Farough Plain, Marvdasht Township. Required data is cross-sectional and related to the crop year 2010-2011 collected through questionnaires using two-stage cluster sampling method. The research findings show that farmers have used water and the polluting input of urea fertilizer more than economic optimal amount. The main reason for water overuseshould be attributed to the dominant irrigation method in the region. It is therefore recommended to use modern irrigation systems with higher performance than mere relying on price instruments of water management which have largely been inefficient based on experience in this area.In the case ofurea fertilizer, targeted subsidies plan for inputs has had beneficial effects in order to optimize the use of input, however, following the conventional system of input consumption by the farmers andprevalence of incorrect consumption pattern are still causing overuse of this environment-polluting input.Accordingly, it is suggested to continue the trend of getting real input prices considering a reasonable profit margin for farmers, pursue extension efforts such as preparing fertilizer plans or other strategies, and replace organic fertilizers in order to reduce the consumption of environment-polluting inputs. Moreover, phosphate fertilizer andpoison inputs are used in optimal level.